Energy Harvesting Solutions for Low-Power and Self-Sufficient Electronic Devices

Abstract

The increasing demand for autonomous, low-power electronic devices in applications such as wireless sensor networks, wearable technology, and Internet of Things (IoT) has intensified research in energy harvesting technologies. Energy harvesting enables the capture and conversion of ambient energy sources—such as solar, thermal, vibrational, and radio frequency (RF) energy—into electrical power to drive self-sufficient systems, eliminating or reducing the dependence on conventional batteries. This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of stateof-the-art energy harvesting solutions tailored for low-power electronic devices. The study covers key energy harvesting modalities, including photovoltaic, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and RF energy harvesting, examining their operational principles, power output capabilities, and suitability for different applications. Special attention is paid to the integration of energy harvesters with ultra-low-power electronics and energy storage systems, critical for ensuring stable device operation under variable ambient conditions. A systematic literature review was performed, supplemented by modeling and simulation of hybrid energy harvesting systems to evaluate efficiency, power density, and feasibility. The research methodology included analyzing recent advancements in materials, device architecture, and power management circuits that enhance energy conversion efficiency and storage. Key findings indicate that hybrid energy harvesting systems, combining multiple energy sources, significantly improve reliability and energy availability. While photovoltaic harvesters offer the highest energy density in outdoor environments, piezoelectric and thermoelectric solutions provide viable alternatives in indoor or low-light conditions. RF energy harvesting remains a promising but limited source due to low ambient power densities. Challenges such as intermittent energy supply, low power levels, and device miniaturization are discussed, along with strategies for overcoming them, including adaptive power management and efficient storage. The study concludes that advances in materials, circuit design, and hybrid system integration will be essential to achieving truly self-sufficient electronic devices in the near future.